Thermodynamics — Posts

81 posts on "Thermodynamics" by Shlomo Strauss — bilingual writing on technology, science, and business.

• Power Grid Anomalies Expose Transnational Crypto Laundering — A Chinese crime syndicate's hidden Bitcoin mining and money-laundering operation was dismantled after algorithms detected power grid anomalies.
• Supercritical fluids and the future of geothermal energy — Advanced electromagnetic drilling aims to reach deep supercritical fluids, potentially providing limitless geothermal energy for the AI revolution.
• Why rocket explosions on the launch pad keep happening — From cryogenic fuel physics to the New Glenn explosion, this piece explains the chain of failure modes that make every successful launch an engineering…
• How Quantum Tunneling Powers the Race for Nuclear Fusion — Driven by quantum tunneling and billions in investments, researchers are racing to achieve net energy gain from commercial nuclear fusion.
• How a Rare Helium Isotope Cools Quantum Computers — Helium-3, a rare isotope sourced from nuclear warheads and the Moon, is essential for cooling quantum computers to near absolute zero.
• Antimatter transported for the first time in human history — A look at how CERN researchers transported antimatter in a purpose-built container, the physics behind its staggering cost, and its potential use in…
• The engineering behind the B-2 bomber's stealth and endurance — From its radar-absorbing iron-powder coating to a laser that detects contrail formation, this post breaks down the stealth and aerodynamic engineering of…
• MIRV missiles: the Cold War technology now launching commercial — A clear breakdown of how MIRV warheads actually work, why Iran's cluster munitions fall far short, and what links them to SpaceX's multi-satellite…
• How Tesla solved the battery and heat problems that held back — From cylindrical cells with interleaved cooling tubes to a structural battery floor, a look at the engineering breakthroughs behind Tesla's thermal and…
• The engineering inside Tesla's motors that most drivers never think — Dual motors, carbon-fiber sleeves, and silicon carbide inverters — a clear look at the engineering solutions Tesla built into its electric drivetrains.
• Natural gas feeds the world — here is how it travels to do so — From fertilizer production to cryogenic tankers sailing at -161°C, this piece explains why natural gas underpins global food supply and modern industry.
• The physics behind launching and stopping jets on a carrier — From electromagnetic catapults powered by flywheels to glycol-cooled arresting gear, a clear breakdown of the advanced systems aboard the USS Gerald R.…
• Intel's ZAM memory aims to pack 512 GB where HBM tops out at 64 — Intel and SoftBank's ZAM technology uses diagonal drilling between memory layers to promise 512 GB per package — eight times the capacity of today's best…
• Iron Beam: the engineering behind Israel's high-power laser defense — From ytterbium fiber bundles to real-time atmospheric correction, a clear-eyed look at how Iron Beam combines dozens of lasers into a single 100-kilowatt…
• The glass fabric holding the chip industry together — and Intel's — Why boron-free T-Glass became a critical bottleneck for AI chip production, and how Intel is developing a pure glass substrate as a future alternative.
• Sugar cane: from white sugar to jet fuel and nano-cellulose — The world's highest-yield crop produces far more than table sugar — its byproducts include bioplastics, sustainable aviation fuel, Lego pieces, and…
• A home Bitcoin miner that heats your shower water — Superheat debuted at CES 2026 a home ASIC device that repurposes Bitcoin mining heat for water heating, spotlighting a broader inefficiency in how we…
• Why Chinese waste-to-energy plants are hungry for Western trash — China built over 1,000 waste-to-energy plants, but moisture-heavy local garbage drops furnace temperatures into the dioxin-forming range — making dry…
• Molten salt and the eutectic point powering next-generation solar — A Chinese concentrating solar plant using 30,000 heliostats and a eutectic molten-salt mixture can store thermal energy for up to six hours, outperforming
• The physics of bungee cords, and why summer jumps feel better — From vulcanized natural rubber to the Gough-Joule effect, this piece explains the material science that makes a modern bungee cord safe — and why cold…
• How supersonic jet engines could power AI data centers — Boom is adapting its supersonic jet engine to generate electricity for data centers, potentially eliminating the water-cooling workaround that limits…
• Breaking a CPU overclocking record with liquid helium — From quartz oscillators to liquid-helium cooling at near absolute zero, this post explains the physics behind pushing a CPU past 9 GHz to set a world…
• Gallium: the metal that melts in your hand and corrodes aircraft — A concise look at gallium's unusual properties, its role in power electronics and military radar, the complexity of refining it, and why China's dominance
• China's underwater data center runs on wind and seawater cooling — China completed the first phase of a subsea data center that uses ocean water for passive cooling and nearby wind turbines as its sole power source.
• Small modular reactors and the case for a new nuclear age — From AI data centers to lunar bases, this post examines how small modular reactors work, why tech giants are betting on them, and what risks remain.
• Lab-grown diamonds are becoming a critical component in chips and — Lab-grown diamonds, which conduct heat five times better than copper, may soon enable faster chips and room-temperature quantum computing qubits.
• Sodium batteries: a cheaper, safer alternative to lithium — Sodium-ion batteries offer lower cost, improved safety, and better cold-weather performance than lithium, though their lower energy density currently…
• Extremophiles: life forms that thrive where others cannot survive — From cold-adapted enzymes in laundry detergents to heat-loving microbes in a Gobi Desert hot spring, this piece explores how extremophiles work and why…
• Hydrogen cars: how they work and what is holding them back — From the electrochemistry of the fuel cell to the challenges of green hydrogen production, a clear look at the technology, its promise, and its current…
• Methane: from swamp gas to Saturn's moon and a crater that won't stop — A concise explainer on methane covering its biological origins, its role shaping Titan's landscape, and the Darvaza crater that has burned since 1971.
• Iodine: from table salt to spacecraft propellant — A weekly science digest covering iodine's role in the body, its energetic reaction with titanium, and its potential as a spacecraft propellant.
• How a fusion reactor could turn mercury into gold — A US startup claims that bombarding mercury-198 with neutrons inside a fusion reactor can produce gold as a byproduct — here is the science and the…
• Ammonium nitrate: why the same compound fertilizes crops and levels — A concise chemical explanation of why ammonium nitrate is both a highly effective fertilizer and the powerful explosive behind disasters like the 2020…
• Why a glowing copper ball barely scorches a coconut shell — Lignin in the coconut shell undergoes endothermic pyrolysis, absorbing heat and forming an insulating char layer — a property that also makes lignin…
• ASUS's gold-plated GPU pushes luxury PC hardware to a new extreme — ASUS's ROG Astral Dhahab line, sold exclusively in the Middle East, is set to get a 5 kg solid 24K gold variant worth over half a million dollars, paired…
• How FPSO platforms use hydrostatics and electrostatics to process oil — A look at how FPSO vessels exploit hydrostatic pressure, gravity separation, and electrostatic fields to extract, process, and store crude oil far…
• Bioluminescence: from glowing cave larvae to self-lit street trees — The luciferase-luciferin reaction behind New Zealand's glowing cave worms also points toward engineered luminescent trees as a future alternative to…
• Solid fuel and staging: the physics behind Iran's Sajjil ballistic — A clear explanation of solid-fuel propulsion, multi-stage rocket design, and the extreme engineering challenges that the Sajjil missile's unusual contrail
• The physics of glass: why it shatters and how it is made stronger — From borosilicate to tempered glass, the post explains the physical mechanisms behind heat resistance and impact strength in different types of glass.
• The ring-wing aircraft and the physics of wingless edges — Wingtip vortices waste up to 40% of an aircraft's energy, and Lockheed's ring-wing concept offers a structural solution rooted in basic physics.
• The 660-ton pendulum keeping Taipei 101 standing — The 660-ton steel sphere suspended inside Taipei 101 uses inertia and energy conservation to counteract earthquakes and typhoons — the same damping…
• Adiabatic compression: how squeezing air starts fires and shapes the — From diesel engines to alpine winds and collapsing stars, this piece explains how the ideal gas law links volume, pressure, and temperature in surprising…
• Cherenkov radiation: when particles outrun light in water — A clear explanation of why nuclear reactor cores glow blue, and how the same physics underlies ship wakes and sonic booms.
• Cesium: the metal behind atomic clocks and nuclear fallout — From defining the international second to persisting in post-nuclear fallout, this post examines the remarkable atomic properties that make cesium both…
• Why penguins waddle, and what it has to do with pendulums — A penguin's distinctive waddle adds a lateral pendulum dimension to its gait, enabling up to 20% greater energy efficiency compared to human walking.
• Why a pickle glows yellow when electric current passes through it — Sodium ions in a pickle emit light at 589 nm when excited by electric current — the same principle behind old sodium street lamps.
• Why electronic solder is exactly 63% tin and 37% lead — The specific tin-lead ratio in solder is no accident — it forms a eutectic mixture that lowers the melting point to 183°C, protecting circuit boards…
• The physics of tornadoes: vortices, water vapor, and traffic lanes — A clear explanation of how vortices form, what turns them into tornadoes, and why the inner lane of a roundabout gets you around faster.
• Cryogenic freezing: how close is science to reviving the dead? — A new protein from silkworm eggs enabled researchers to revive frozen mouse brain cells, yet reviving an entire human body remains scientifically out of…
• A server farm on the moon: bold engineering or a PR stunt? — Lonestar Data Holdings plans to launch the first lunar server farm aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9, though steep costs and technical limits raise doubts about…
• Why ping-pong balls explode out of a container when doused with — Liquid nitrogen at minus 196°C vaporizes on contact with ping-pong balls and expands 700-fold in volume, launching the balls in every direction.
• The real advantage is efficiency, not more resources — Using the LED vs. incandescent bulb as a lens, this post argues that smarter allocation of limited time and money beats simply acquiring more of either.
• The physics behind fireworks colors — From metal salt combustion to electron energy transitions, this post explains how fireworks get their colors, shapes, and precise timing.
• Supercooled water and the physics of instant freezing — A clear explanation of supercooling — why pure water stays liquid below 0°C, how a gentle squeeze triggers chain-reaction freezing, and the link to…
• The triple point: where water boils and freezes at once — An explanation of water's triple point — the precise temperature and pressure at which all three phases coexist — and what it has to do with pressure…
• Melting metal without touching it: induction heating explained — A changing magnetic field from an AC coil levitates a metal piece and heats it from within via eddy currents until it melts — the same principle behind…
• The vapor cloud behind a supersonic jet: Prandtl-Glauert and — Flight near Mach 1 produces two unrelated phenomena — a sonic boom and a condensation cloud — and this post explains the physics behind each.
• How pure oxygen can make a diamond vanish — When a diamond is heated to extreme temperatures and exposed to pure oxygen, every carbon atom oxidizes into CO₂, dissolving the hardest natural material…
• The physics of what happens when lightning strikes a tree — A lightning bolt carrying billions of watts superheats water inside a tree until it explodes, and the post explains how lightning forms and travels from…
• Prada designed NASA's next moonwalking spacesuit — Italian fashion house Prada partnered with Axiom Space to design the spacesuit NASA astronauts will wear on the Artemis lunar mission in 2026.
• Why batteries explode under pressure — A step-by-step look at battery anatomy and the chain reaction that turns physical pressure into fire and heat.
• Why a flame conducts electricity: fire as plasma — A flame placed between charged metal plates acts as an electrical conductor because fire is a plasma full of free electrons and positive ions.
• A handbag made of 99% air: NASA's aerogel enters the fashion world — Parisian fashion house Coperni unveiled a 33-gram handbag made from silica aerogel, the world's lightest solid material, originally developed by NASA for…
• Google's quantum computer completed 47 years of computation in six — A look at Google's 2023 quantum computer, the extreme cooling it requires to operate, and the global race for quantum supremacy.
• Prince Rupert's Drops: the physics of a nearly indestructible head — The internal stress locked inside Prince Rupert's Drops explains both their remarkable resistance to crushing and their explosive fragmentation when the…
• Cryonics for $220,000: Tomorrow Bio's bet on coming back to life — Tomorrow Bio fills bodies with antifreeze and stores them in liquid nitrogen, wagering that future technology will one day reverse death.
• The cloud chamber: tracing radioactive particles through — A clear breakdown of how Wilson's cloud chamber uses supercooled vapor and ionization to make radioactive particle tracks visible and measurable.
• The Meissner effect: how superconductors make magnets levitate — Superconductors eliminate electrical resistance and expel magnetic fields entirely, a phenomenon Walter Meissner described in 1933 that causes magnets to…
• Inside Elon Musk's GPU cluster: how large language models are trained — A step-by-step breakdown of how language models learn — using Musk's massive GPU cluster as a starting point to explain forward passes, loss calculation,…
• The Leidenfrost effect: when liquid hovers above a hot surface — A thin vapor layer can prevent liquid from ever touching a superheated surface, with real consequences for nuclear cooling and advanced materials research.
• A full charge in 4 minutes: the real cost of ultra-fast charging — Realme set a world record with 320W charging, but the tradeoff is accelerated battery wear — which explains why Apple and Samsung deliberately cap their…
• What happens when magnesium meets microwave radiation — A piece of magnesium in a quartz cup turns into glowing plasma inside a microwave — here is the physics behind the blue sparks.
• Why geysers erupt: atmospheric pressure and the boiling point — A concise physics explainer on how atmospheric pressure determines water's boiling point, and how that same principle drives the cyclic eruption of…
• Why the bottom of a frozen lake stays at exactly 4 degrees Celsius — Water's maximum density at 4°C drives the layered freezing and thawing cycle of lakes, keeping the bottom at that precise temperature all winter.
• Why explosives explode: the chemistry behind the blast — A concise explainer on exothermic and endothermic reactions, and why explosives are defined not by energy density but by the speed of their release.
• The Stirling Engine and Three Forms of Energy in One Flame — A Stirling engine powered by a candle illustrates the chain from chemical to thermal to kinetic energy, and why that energy cannot be reused.
• Why a firework keeps burning underwater — A built-in oxidizer supplies oxygen independent of the surroundings, and combustion temperatures above 1,000 °C evaporate water faster than it can cool…
• Shape memory alloys: how metal remembers its original form — Alloys like nickel-titanium switch between austenite and martensite phases, allowing them to recover their original shape when heated.
• DDR4 vs DDR5: why RAM type matters when buying a new PC — A practical breakdown of DDR4 versus DDR5 RAM — covering clock speeds, CL latency, and what the differences actually mean for everyday performance.
• How to choose a PC power supply: the key specs explained — A practical breakdown of PC power supply specs — wattage, 80+ efficiency ratings, modularity, and active PFC — with an emphasis on why brand reliability…
• Melted keys and good intentions: a cautionary tale about DIY computer — A short cautionary story about water damage, a hair dryer, and why knowing your limits matters more than saving money on repairs.